Shaping the Future of Coffee: Climate Resilience, Liberica's Rise, and By-Product Innovation-Highlights from the International Coffee Convention 2023 (ICC2023).

The International Coffee Convention 2023 comprehensively addressed the contemporary challenges and advancements in the coffee industry, emphasizing sustainability, health, and innovation. This convention gathered experts and stakeholders to explore diverse aspects of coffee, ranging from the potential of underutilized species like Coffea liberica in terms of climate resilience to the innovative use of coffee by-products. The convention featured presentations and discussions, employing both empirical research and analytical reviews to explore various topics, including the health benefits of coffee, the advancements in traceability and authentication methods, and the impact of global regulatory changes on coffee production and trade. The key findings highlighted the importance of biodiversity in coffee production as a response to climate change, the significant health benefits and sustainability potential of coffee by-products, and the evolving landscape of coffee consumption patterns driven by technological innovations. The convention also stressed the need for alignment in global coffee trade regulations, particularly concerning deforestation and traceability. The 2023 convention underscored the complexity and interconnectivity of the coffee industry's challenges and opportunities. It concluded with a forward-looking perspective, emphasizing the need for continued research, sustainable practices, and collaborative efforts to shape the future of the coffee industry. The community is looking forward to furthering these discussions at the next International Coffee Convention in 2024.

Risk Assessment of Chlorogenic and Isochlorogenic Acids in Coffee By-Products.

Chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids are naturally occurring antioxidant dietary polyphenolic compounds found in high concentrations in plants, fruits, vegetables, coffee, and coffee by-products. The objective of this review was to assess the potential health risks associated with the oral consumption of coffee by-products containing chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids, considering both acute and chronic exposure. An electronic literature search was conducted, revealing that 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) are the major chlorogenic acids found in coffee by-products. Toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical data from animal and human studies were available for the assessment, which indicated no significant evidence of toxic or adverse effects following acute oral exposure. The current state of knowledge suggests that long-term exposure to chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids by daily consumption does not appear to pose a risk to human health when observed at doses within the normal range of dietary exposure. As a result, the intake of CQAs from coffee by-products can be considered reasonably safe.

Risk Assessment of Trigonelline in Coffee and Coffee By-Products.

Trigonelline is a bioactive pyridine alkaloid that occurs naturally in high concentrations in coffee (up to 7.2 g/kg) and coffee by-products (up to 62.6 g/kg) such as coffee leaves, flowers, cherry husks or pulp, parchment, silver skin, and spent grounds. In the past, coffee by-products were mostly considered waste and discarded. In recent years, however, the use of coffee by-products as food has attracted interest because of their economic and nutritional value and the environmental benefits of sustainable resource use. Their authorization as so-called novel foods in the European Union may lead to increased oral exposure of the general population to trigonelline. Therefore, the aim of this review was to assess the risk to human health of acute and chronic exposure to trigonelline from coffee and coffee by-products. An electronic literature search was performed. Current toxicological knowledge is limited, with few human data available and a lack of epidemiological and clinical studies. There was no evidence of adverse effects after acute exposure. No conclusion can be drawn on chronic exposure to isolated trigonelline due to the lack of data. However, trigonelline ingested as a component of coffee and coffee by-products appears to be safe for human health, based on the safe traditional use of these products.

Risk Assessment of Coffee Cherry (Cascara) Fruit Products for Flour Replacement and Other Alternative Food Uses.

Coffee bean harvesting incurs various by-products known for their long traditional use. However, they often still end up being a waste instead of being used to their full potential. On the European market, coffee cherry (cascara) products are not yet common, and a novel food approval for beverages made from coffee cherry pulp was issued only recently. In this article, exposure and risk assessment of various products such as juice, jam, jelly, puree, and flour made from coffee cherry pulp and husk are reviewed. Since caffeine in particular, as a bioactive ingredient, is considered a limiting factor, safe intake will be derived for different age groups, showing that even adolescents could consume limited quantities without adverse health effects. Moreover, the composition can be influenced by harvesting methods and processing steps. Most interestingly, dried and powdered coffee cherry can substitute the flour in bakery products by up to 15% without losing baking properties and sensory qualities. In particular, this use as a partial flour substitute is a possible approach to counteract rising grain prices, transport costs, and disrupted supply chains, which are caused by the Russia-Ukraine war and changing climatic conditions. Thus, the supply of affordable staple foods could be partially ensured for the inhabitants of countries that depend on imported wheat and cultivate coffee locally by harvesting both beans and by-products.

Toxicological Assessment of Roasted Coffee Silver Skin (Testa of Coffea sp.) as Novel Food Ingredient.

Roasted coffee silver skin is a coffee by-product, the uses of which are currently limited, e.g., as fertilizer, for energy production, or animal feed. Due to a low content of fat and carbohydrates combined with a high content of fiber, polyphenols and proteins, roasted silver skin is a valuable possible food ingredient. Potential applications include partial flour replacement in bakery products, as antioxidant and providing protein or fiber sources in sports or functional foods. As no relevant consumption of isolated silver skin occurred before 1997 in the European Union (EU), it was classified as a novel food in need of premarketing approval. Novel food applications must meet legal requirements for compositional and toxicological information. This review presents information on silver skin composition and toxicological studies. Several in vitro studies and subchronic in vivo studies are available with negative results, not suggesting a need for further studies on carcinogenic effects, reproduction, or chronic toxicity. All available studies so far concluded that no toxic effects of silver skin were found or are to be expected. For a novel food application in the EU, further in vitro studies on mutagenic potential may be needed to close a formal data gap.

Coffee Leaf Tea from El Salvador: On-Site Production Considering Influences of Processing on Chemical Composition.

The production of coffee leaf tea (Coffea arabica) in El Salvador and the influences of processing steps on non-volatile compounds and volatile aroma-active compounds were investigated. The tea was produced according to the process steps of conventional tea (Camellia sinensis) with the available possibilities on the farm. Influencing factors were the leaf type (old, young, yellow, shoots), processing (blending, cutting, rolling, freezing, steaming), drying (sun drying, oven drying, roasting) and fermentation (wild, yeast, Lactobacillus). Subsequently, the samples were analysed for the maximum levels of caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and epigallocatechin gallate permitted by the European Commission. The caffeine content ranged between 0.37-1.33 g/100 g dry mass (DM), the chlorogenic acid was between not detectable and 9.35 g/100 g DM and epigallocatechin gallate could not be detected at all. Furthermore, water content, essential oil, ash content, total polyphenols, total catechins, organic acids, and trigonelline were determined. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry and calculation of the odour activity values (OAVs) were carried out to determine the main aroma-active compounds, which are ß-ionone (honey-like, OAV 132-927), decanal (citrus-like, floral, OAV 14-301), α-ionone (floral, OAV 30-100), (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal (cucumber-like, OAV 18-256), 2,4-nonadienal (melon-like, OAV 2-18), octanal (fruity, OAV 7-23), (E)-2 nonenal (citrus-like, OAV 1-11), hexanal (grassy, OAV 1-10), and 4-heptenal (green, OAV 1-9). The data obtained in this study may help to adjust process parameters directly to consumer preferences and allow coffee farmers to earn an extra income from this by-product.

Reconstruction of dental roots for implant planning purposes: a feasibility study.

PURPOSE: Modern virtual implant planning is a time-consuming procedure, requiring a careful assessment of prosthetic and anatomical factors within a three-dimensional dataset. In order to facilitate the planning process and provide additional information, this study examines a statistical shape model (SSM) to compute the course of dental roots based on a surface scan. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Plaster models of orthognathic patients were scanned and superimposed with three-dimensional data of a cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT). Based on the open-source software "R", including the packages Morpho, mesheR, Rvcg and RvtkStatismo, an SSM was generated to estimate the tooth axes. The accuracy of the calculated tooth axes was determined using a leave-one-out cross-validation. The deviation of tooth axis prediction in terms of angle or horizontal shift is described with mean and standard deviation. The planning dataset of an implant surgery patient was additionally analyzed using the SSM. RESULTS: 71 datasets were included in this study. The mean angle between the estimated tooth-axis and the actual tooth-axis was 7.5 ± 4.3° in the upper jaw and 6.7 ± 3.8° in the lower jaw. The horizontal deviation between the tooth axis and estimated axis was 1.3 ± 0.8 mm close to the cementoenamel junction, and 0.7 ± 0.5 mm in the apical third of the root. Results for models with one missing tooth did not differ significantly. In the clinical dataset, the SSM could give a reasonable aid for implant positioning. CONCLUSIONS: With the presented SSM, the approximate course of dental roots can be predicted based on a surface scan. There was no difference in predicting the tooth axis of existent or missing teeth. In clinical context, the estimation of tooth axes of missing teeth could serve as a reference for implant positioning. However, a higher number of training data must be achieved to obtain increasing accuracy.

Production of Coffee Cherry Spirits from Coffea arabica Varieties.

Coffee pulp, obtained from wet coffee processing, is the major by-product accumulating in the coffee producing countries. One of the many approaches valorising this underestimated agricultural residue is the production of distillates. This research project deals with the production of spirits from coffee pulp using three different Coffea arabica varieties as a substrate. Coffee pulp was fermented for 72 h with a selected yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.), acid, pectin lyase, and water. Several parameters, such as temperature, pH, sugar concentration and alcoholic strength were measured to monitor the fermentation process. Subsequently, the alcoholic mashes were double distilled with stainless steel pot stills and a sensory evaluation of the products was conducted. Furthermore, the chemical composition of fermented mashes and produced distillates were evaluated. It showed that elevated methanol concentrations (>1.3 g/L) were present in mashes and products of all three varieties. The sensory evaluation found the major aroma descriptor for the coffee pulp spirits as being stone fruit. The fermentation and distillation experiments revealed that coffee pulp can be successfully used as a raw material for the production of fruit spirits. However, the spirit quality and its flavour characteristics can be improved with optimised process parameters and distillation equipment.

Risk Assessment of Caffeine and Epigallocatechin Gallate in Coffee Leaf Tea.

Coffee leaf tea is prepared as an infusion of dried leaves of Coffea spp. in hot water. It is a traditional beverage in some coffee-producing countries and has been authorized in 2020 within the European Union (EU) according to its novel food regulation. This article reviews current knowledge on the safety of coffee leaf tea. From the various ingredients contained in coffee leaves, only two were highlighted as possibly hazardous to human health, namely, caffeine and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), with maximum limits implemented in EU legislation, which is why this article focuses on these two substances. While the caffeine content is comparable to that of roasted coffee beans and subject to strong fluctuations in relation to the age of the leaves, climate, coffee species, and variety, a maximum of 1-3 cups per day may be recommended. The EGCG content is typically absent or below the intake of 800 mg/day classified as hepatotoxic by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), so this compound is suggested as toxicologically uncritical. Depending on selection and processing (age of the leaves, drying, fermentation, roasting, etc.), coffee leaf tea may exhibit a wide variety of flavors, and its full potential is currently almost unexplored. As a coffee by-product, it is certainly interesting to increase the income of coffee farmers. Our review has shown that coffee leaf tea is not assumed to exhibit risks for the consumer, apart from the well-known risk of caffeine inherent to all coffee-related beverages. This conclusion is corroborated by the history of its safe use in several countries around the world.

Effect of the Post-Harvest Processing on Protein Modification in Green Coffee Beans by Phenolic Compounds.

The protein fraction, important for coffee cup quality, is modified during post-harvest treatment prior to roasting. Proteins may interact with phenolic compounds, which constitute the major metabolites of coffee, where the processing affects these interactions. This allows the hypothesis that the proteins are denatured and modified via enzymatic and/or redox activation steps. The present study was initiated to encompass changes in the protein fraction. The investigations were limited to major storage protein of green coffee beans. Fourteen Coffea arabica samples from various processing methods and countries were used. Different extraction protocols were compared to maintain the status quo of the protein modification. The extracts contained about 4-8 µg of chlorogenic acid derivatives per mg of extracted protein. High-resolution chromatography with multiple reaction monitoring was used to detect lysine modifications in the coffee protein. Marker peptides were allocated for the storage protein of the coffee beans. Among these, the modified peptides K.FFLANGPQQGGK.E and R.LGGK.T of the α-chain and R.ITTVNSQK.I and K.VFDDEVK.Q of ß-chain were detected. Results showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) of modified peptides from wet processed green beans as compared to the dry ones. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the influence of the different processing methods on protein quality and its role in the scope of coffee cup quality and aroma.

Creating an anatomical wax-up in partially edentulous patients by means of a statistical shape model.

PURPOSE: Creating wax-ups of missing teeth for backward planning in implant surgery is a complex and time-consuming process. To facilitate implant-planning procedures, the automatic generation of a virtual wax-up would be useful. In the present study, the reconstruction of missing teeth in partially edentulous patients was performed automatically using newly developed software. The accuracy was investigated in order to test its clinical applicability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study presents a new method for creating an automatic virtual wax-up, which could serve as a basic tool in modern implant-planning procedures. First, a statistical shape model (SSM) based on 76 maxillary and mandibular arch scans from dentally healthy individuals was generated. Then, artificially generated tooth gaps were reconstructed. The accuracy of the workflow was evaluated on a separate testing sample of 10 individuals with artificially created tooth gaps given as a median deviation, in millimeters. Scans of three clinical cases with partial edentulism were equally reconstructed using the SSM and compared with the final prosthodontic work. RESULTS: The reconstruction of the artificial tooth gaps could be performed with the following median reconstruction accuracy: gap 21 with 0.15 mm; gap 27 with 0.20 mm; gap 34 with 0.22 mm: gap 36 with 0.22 mm; gaps 12 to 22 with 0.22 mm; gaps 34 to 36 with 0.22 mm. A scenario for an almost edentulous mandible with all teeth missing except teeth 33 and 43 could be reconstructed with a median reconstruction accuracy of 0.37 mm. The median tooth gap deviation of the SSM-based reconstruction in clinical cases differed from the final inserted prosthodontic teeth by 0.49 to 0.86 mm in median. CONCLUSION: A first feasibility of creating virtual wax-ups using an SSM could be shown. Artificially generated tooth gaps could be reconstructed close to the original with the proposed workflow. In the clinical cases, the SSM proposes an anatomical reconstruction, which does not yet consider prosthodontic aspects. To obtain clinical use, contact with antagonist teeth must be considered and more training data must be implemented. However, the presented method offers a fast and viable way for the approximate placement of missing crowns. This could be used in a digital planning workflow when implant position must be determined. (Int J Comput Dent 2022;25(4):349-0; doi: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b2599407).

Virtual reconstruction of orbital floor defects using a statistical shape model.

PURPOSE: The current standard in reconstructing defects of the orbital floor, by using the concept of mirroring, is time-consuming and ignores the natural asymmetry of the skull. By using a statistical shape model (SSM), the reconstruction can be automatized and improved in accuracy. The present study aims to show the possibilities of the virtual reconstruction of artificial defects of the orbital floor using an SSM and its potentials for clinical implementation. METHODS: Based on 131 unaffected CT scans of the midface, an SSM was created which contained the shape variability of the orbital floor. Nineteen midface CT scans, that were not included in the SSM, were manually segmented to establish ground truth (control group). Then artificial defects of larger and smaller sizes were created and reconstructed using SSM (Group I) and the gold standard of mirroring (Group II). Eventually, a comparison to the surface of the manual segmentation (control group) was performed. RESULTS: The proposed method of reconstruction using an SSM leads to more precise reconstruction results, compared with the conventional method of mirroring. Whereas mirroring led to the reconstruction errors of 0.7 mm for small defects and 0.73 mm for large defects, reconstruction using SSM led to deviations of 0.26 mm (small defect) and, respectively, 0.34 mm (large defect). CONCLUSIONS: The presented approach is an effective and accurate method for reconstructing the orbital floor. In connection with modern computer-aided design and manufacturing, individual patient-specific implants could be produced according to SSM-based reconstructions and could replace current methods using manual bending techniques. By acknowledging the natural asymmetry of the human skull, the SSM-based approach achieves higher accuracy in reconstructing injured orbits.

The statistical shape model as a quality assurance measure in the treatment of complex midface fractures: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Complex bilateral midface fractures necessitate a surgically challenging procedure to preserve or restore the occlusion and the sensitive eye area. In this case control study, we aim to show the potential of a statistical shape model (SSM) for measuring the quality of the midface reconstruction, compared to the estimated preoperative situation. METHODS: An individualized SSM was postoperatively registered on 19 reconstructed complex bilateral midface fractures. Using this SSM, the distances from the simulated preoperative situation to the postoperative positions of the fracture segments were calculated. The fracture lines for Le Fort II, Le Fort III, and NOE fractures were chosen as reference points for the distance measurements. RESULTS: The SSM could be registered on all 19 complex bilateral midface fractures. All analyzed fractures showed a dorsal impaction (negative values) of the midface. Le Fort II fractures showed deviation values of -0.98 ± 4.6 mm, Le Fort III fractures showed values of -3.68 ± 3.6 mm, NOE type 2 fractures showed values of -0.25 ± 4.6 mm, and NOE type 1 fractures showed values of -0.25 ± 4.6 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The SSM can be used to measure the quality of the achieved reduction of complex bilateral midface fractures based on the estimated preoperative situation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: DRKS00009719.

Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has revealed alarming shortages of personal protective equipment for frontline healthcare professionals and the general public. Therefore, a 3D-printable mask frame was developed, and its air seal performance was evaluated and compared. Personalized masks (PM) based on individual face scans (n = 8) and a statistically shaped mask (SSM) based on a standardized facial soft tissue shape computed from 190 face scans were designed. Subsequently, the masks were additively manufactured, and in a second step, the PM and SSM were compared to surgical masks (SM) and FFP2 masks (FFP2) in terms of air seal performance. 3D-printed face models allowed for air leakage evaluation by measuring the pressure inside the mask in sealed and unsealed conditions during a breathing simulation. The PM demonstrated the lowest leak flow (p < 0.01) of inspired or expired unfiltered air of approximately 10.4 ± 16.4%, whereas the SM showed the highest (p < 0.01) leakage with 84.9 ± 7.7%. The FFP2 and SSM had similar values of 34.9 ± 18.5% leakage (p > 0.68). The developed framework allows for the time- and resource-efficient, on-demand, and in-house production of masks. For the best seal performance, an individually personalized mask design might be recommended.

Coffee Silver Skin: Chemical Characterization with Special Consideration of Dietary Fiber and Heat-Induced Contaminants.

Coffee silver skin is produced in large amounts as a by-product during the coffee roasting process. In this study, coffee silver skin of the species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as well as silver skin pellets produced in the coffee industry were characterized with respect to both nutritional value and potential heat-induced contaminants. Enzymatic-gravimetric/chromatographic determination of the dietary fiber content showed values ranging from 59 to 67 g/100 g with a comparably high portion of soluble fiber, whereas low molecular weight soluble fiber was not detected. Compositional and methylation analysis indicated the presence of cellulose and xylans in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction, whereas pectic polysaccharides dominate the soluble dietary fiber fraction. The protein content as determined by the Kjeldahl method was in the range of 18 to 22 g/100 g, and all essential amino acids were present in coffee silver skin; whereas fat contents were low, high ash contents were determined. Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed the presence of macroelements in large amounts, whereas toxic mineral elements were only detected in trace amounts or being absent. Acrylamide was quantified with levels of 24-161 µg/kg. Although 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was detected, its concentration was below the limit of determination. Furfuryl alcohol was not detected.

Digested Civet Coffee Beans (Kopi Luwak)-An Unfortunate Trend in Specialty Coffee Caused by Mislabeling of Coffea liberica?

In the context of animal protection, the trend of digested coffees such as Kopi Luwak produced by civet cats in captivity should not be endorsed. Previous studies on such coffees may have been flawed by sample selection and misclassification. As wild civets may prefer Coffea liberica beans, due to their higher sugar content, the chemical differences may be caused by the Coffea species difference combined with a careful selection of ripe, defect-free cherries by the animals, rather than changes caused by digestion. This may also explain the observed differences between Kopi Luwak from wild civets (mainly C. liberica) compared to the one from animals in captivity (typically fed with C. arabica and/or C. canephora).

Successful Management of Cleft Lip and Palate Malformation without Pre-Surgical Infant Orthopedics.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of lip closure on reduction of cleft palates when no pre-surgical infant orthopedics (PSIO) are used. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective patient chart-review in our department for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery at the University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany. 19 patients at the age of 5.9 ± 2.1 months with surgical treatment of uni- (UCLP), or bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) without any use of PSIO were included. RESULTS: Early soft tissue correction of the lip leads to an effective reduction of the maxillary arch without any use of PSIO. The presented conventional and digital measurements appeared to be reliable. A successful reduction of the cleft width (UCLP = 3.88 ± 2.42mm, BCLP = 7.33 ± 5.00mm), the width of the alveolar arch (1.91 ± 1.36mm) and the sagittal depth of the alveolar arch (3.07 ± 2.71 mm) could be achieved with the presented workflow. CONCLUSIONS: Cleft reduction was obtainable without PSIO when lip closure after Tennison-Randall was performed.

Prevalence of Tympanostomy Tube Placement in Relation to Cleft Width and Type.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The prevalence of tympanostomy tube surgery (TTS) in patients with a cleft deformity was investigated, in relation to cleft width and cleft type. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical health records. METHODS: Retrospective review of medical health records. Seventy-eight patients with non-syndromic cleft deformity of the palate and/or alveolus and lip between 2003 and 2017 were investigated. All available medical documents were analyzed. The study group was divided into subgroups: 1) patients with isolated cleft palate (CP) and patients with a cleft palate with cleft lip and alveolus (CLP). 2) According to Veau's classification (I-IV), further subgroups were defined. Cleft width was measured using plaster cast models. RESULTS: TTS was performed in 55% of the patients (n = 43). Considering Veau's classification, TTS was conducted as follows: Veau I 65.2% (n = 15/23), Veau II 55.0% (n = 11/20), Veau III 47.6% (n = 10/21), and Veau IV 50.0% (n = 7/14). Cleft classifications, maxillary arch width, and absolute/relative cleft width had no statistical impact on TTS occurrence. Although no significant correlation could be found, patients in our study group with CP (Veau I and II) underwent TTS more often (60.5%, n = 26/43) than patients with CPL (Veau III and IV; 48.6%, n = 17/35) during a three-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: None of the cleft characteristics examined had a significant impact on the proportion of patients who received TTS. Nevertheless, patients with lower Veau classification and CP received tympanostomy tubes more often. Therefore, otolaryngologists and pediatricians treating children with cleft palate should maintain a high level of suspicion for chronic middle ear effusion, even in patients with small clefts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 131:E2764-E2769, 2021.

Cold Brew Coffee-Pilot Studies on Definition, Extraction, Consumer Preference, Chemical Characterization and Microbiological Hazards.

Cold brew coffee is a new trend in the coffee industry. This paper presents pilot studies on several aspects of this beverage. Using an online survey, the current practices of cold brew coffee preparation were investigated, identifying a rather large variability with a preference for extraction of medium roasted Arabica coffee using 50-100 g/L at 8 °C for about 1 day. Sensory testing using ranking and triangle tests showed that cold brew may be preferred over iced coffee (cooled down hot extracted coffee). Extraction experiments under different conditions combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis showed that the usual extraction time may be longer than necessary as most compounds are extracted within only a few hours, while increasing turbulence (e.g., using ultrasonication) and temperature may additionally increase the speed of extraction. NMR analysis also revealed a possible chemical differentiation between cold brew and hot brew using multivariate data analysis. Decreased extraction time and reduced storage times could be beneficial for cold brew product quality as microbiological analysis of commercial samples detected samples with spoilage organisms and contamination with Bacillus cereus.